ASS Database Design and Development †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theASS Database Design and Development. Answer: Normalization The sample solution of ASS database is used for mapping the ERD into a set of relations into 3 NF. The table Employee EmployeeID PK Full Name Street City State postCode Phone EmployeeType For making it in 3 NF the following new table is created Employee (EmployeeID PK, Full Name, Address (Street, City, State, postCode), Phone, Type, Noof ExperienceYears, Certificate Level) ClientID PK Full Name Street City State postCode Phone IsSenior The client table in already generalized and thus no changes are made in the client table Client (ClientID PK, Full Name, Address (Street, City, State), Phone, Seniority Level) The car table given in the example is RegnNbr PK Make Model Colour Produced Year Price Warranty Due date Purchasedfrom ASS To make it in 3NF the following table is created Car (RegNo PK, Make, Model, Colour, Manufacturing Year, Price, WarrantyDue Date, PurchasedFromASS) The service table given in the example is JobNbr PK JobDescription ServiceDate TotalCost The service table after normalization Service (JobNbr PK, JobDescription, Service Date, TotalCost, StartTime, FinishTime, LabourCost) Parts table before normalization PartID PK PartDescription PricePerUnit The parts table after normalization PartUsed (PartID PK, JobNbr FK, QuantityUsed, PartCost) The car and the client is selected from the relation and the functional dependency that exist with the relation are given below: Client (ClientID PK, Full Name, Address (Street, City, State), Phone, Seniority Level) Client has the following functional dependency and is given below ClientID FullName, Address, Phone, Level For the client table the client ID is the primary key and the transitive dependency are removed for normalizing the table into 3NF. The removal of the transitive dependency does not affect the database and still it can be joined to get the information about the client using the client ID. The risk of redundancy during the insertion of data in the table is removed my making the table into third normal form and removal of the dependency. Car (RegNo PK, Make, Model, Colour, Manufacturing Year, Price, WarrantyDue Date, PurchasedFromASS) The car table is created and the functional dependency of the car table is demonstrated below: RegNo Model, Maker, Color, ProducedYear, CarPrice, WarrantyPeriod The table contains the registration number of the car and the model, manufactured year, car price, WarrantyDue, PurchasedFromASS. The transitive dependency is removed from the table and normalized into 3NF for reduction of the redundancy of data and resolve the duplicate entry issues raised during the entry of data into the tables. The car table can be joined using the registration number and all the data required can be fetched by joining the tables. Implementation of Relational Database Microsoft Access is used for the development of the relational database of the system. Short Implementation report The two interesting things or procedures that were learnt during the advancement of the assignment is the preparation of the report and the removal of the transitive dependency between the tables. It is important to remove the transitive dependency between the tables for making the table in third normal form. The complexity faced during the development of the database is generalization of the table into 3NF but the previous solution was deeply analyzed for the preparation of the preparation of the database. The dateAdd and the Date methods was studied for the getting different outcomes from the database and the use of now() function is also studied for getting an effective result of the querry and fetch the date and time from the computer. The most complex task in the assignment The complexity of the assignment lies during the setting of the constraints in the car table i.e. the registration number and linking it with the other table i.e the customer to get the appropriate outcome of the querry. The complexity of the report was resolved by taking an input mask that is new and a lot of time is spend for the implementation. Bibliography Coronel, C. and Morris, S., 2016. Database systems: design, implementation, management. Cengage Learning. Harrington, J.L., 2016. Relational database design and implementation. Morgan Kaufmann. Hsieh, W.C.Y., Lloyd, A. and Veach, E.H., Google Inc., 2017. Systems and methods of increasing database access concurrency using granular timestamps. U.S. Patent 9,747,310. Kinser, A.S., Hammerle, P.P., Kinser, E.P., Lending, D.P. and Nightingale-Massart, J.P., 2013. Your Office: Microsoft Access 2013, Comprehensive. Prentice Hall Press.

Statistics Business Research Global Businesses

Question: Discuss about theStatistics Business Researchfor Global Businesses. Answer: Introduction Global businesses reflect the requirements of the external situations in such a way that highlights the major objectives of the business. This occurred due to the problems, what a business suffer. It is essential for the organizations to accomplish the business function by considering the all of the business laws and other regulations. On the other hand, it can be predicted that the workers in a prescribed method that in within the main principle of labor law. In addition, it can be stated that the clients of an organization predicts that the firms aimed to provide them greater quality of goods and services during the organization earned the profitability. The community predictions are basically inconsistent with the owner of the organization. The reason is as there is no certainty of profits to the organization. However, the community cannot be completely accepted due to the state consideration through regulations. In this purpose, it can be mentioned that the state considerations a re benefitted. The basic concept of this study is to identify the necessities of CSR activities within a business. In this context, it can be mentioned that corporate social responsibility is helpful to increase the performance of the employees of an organization by satisfying the employees. On the contrary, it can be mentioned that some researchers have identified that corporate social responsibility is required to follow in case of community considerations. In addition, it can be mentioned that corporate social responsibility has a greater competitive advantage in the business of any organization. As per the statement of Hilson (2012), corporate social responsibility can highlight the nature of the community considerations in such a manner that the outcome of such initiatives are included for each of the organizations. Isaksson, Kiessling and Harvey (2014) opined that corporate social responsibility is a program that an organization used to follow and develop the business operations depending upon the five corporate factors such as stakeholders, economic angle, community views, non monetary services and the environmental conservation. As per the recent research, it can be noticed that corporate social responsibility can carried out within the organization to achieve the moral, business ethics, economic and the legal responsibilities by the stakeholders of the organization. Therefore, it can be mentioned that economic responsibilities are such as profit making venture and also suit the clients necessities. On the other hand, legal requirements are helpful to formulate the prima ry objectives of a business. Furthermore, it can be mentioned that voluntary requirements are not necessary but the stakeholders of the firms predict them as the part of the objectives of the organization, which is the evidence of good stewardship. Problem Statement In case of most of the organizations, corporate social responsibility can predict the corporate sponsorship, which is dealing with the several financial as well as the social community disturbances. In this connection, it can be mentioned that most of the organizations followed the corporate social responsibility or consider the pressure from the stakeholders. Nevertheless, the stakeholders are not considered as the voluntary endeavor. Moreover, it can be stated that not voluntary corporate social responsibility is taking the initiatives, which has been followed in the present times to identify the effect of corporate social responsibility within the community. According to Kesavan, Bernacchi and Mascarenhas (2013), it can be added that some efforts have been developed by the organizations to implement the corporate social responsibility program between the organizational subordinates and the consumers. It is rising in a difficult way to formulate the CSR program. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to highlight the impact of corporate social responsibility on the performance of an organization. Research Questions The main focus of this study is to identify the influential factors to implement the corporate social responsibility function within an organization. As a result, the objectives of this research will be to estimate the which financial factor make an impact on the formulation of corporate social responsibility function in an organization. It will be benefitted to estimate the management determinants to formulate the corporate social responsibility within the organization. Moreover, it can be stated that the investigation of the effect of governmental policy on the formulation of corporate social responsibility activities can determine whether the workers skills reflects the formulation of the CSR program. In this connection, the researcher will develop several questions such as: To critically examine how the financial factors reflect the corporate social responsibility program of a firm? To critically evaluate how the management support reflect the formulation of the corporate social responsibility program of a firm? Does the governmental policy reflect the formulation of corporate social responsibility program in a firm? Does the skill of the workers reflect the formulation of corporate social responsibility program of a firm? Background of the Research and Research Gap In this section, the researcher will review the empirical literature. This literature will highlight the several theories and models of books and the journals. The literature is also benefitted to identify the literature gap. This literature will be helpful to make a connection between the objectives and the outcome of the study. Nevertheless, Martnez and del Bosque (2013) criticized that as per the Baldrige criteria of the performance excellence can show the importance of CSR program as the part of the leadership model. This will be in turn helpful to lead to the quality for the better performance. The initial 1988 characteristics has focused to the connection with the organizational sustenance of guaranteeing the quality as well as the betterment initiatives beyond the organization. Moreover, the implementation of CSR initiatives is comparatively costly. Therefore, it can be stated that sometimes the implementation of CSR initiatives over the advantage, which may accumulate from these initiatives. In this connection, it can be mentioned that the cost may range among the ten to twenty percent of the overall cost as the cost of changing the organization's CSR initiatives is the major concerns before the implementation of corporate social responsibility. As per the opinion of McShane and Cunningham (2012), formulation of the corporate social responsibility program needs to change how the workers and the managers carry out the organizational responsibilities. This will assure that the organization will competitive against the competitors. The owner of the organization requires to understand the magnitude of the changing when they follow the corporate social responsibility. In addition, the organization also requires to consider some collection of changes that is the structure of the organization, the competitive environment and the strength of the competitive position. Managers support is a large factor, which is connected with the corporate social responsibility activities within a firm. In this context, it can be mentioned that this is depending upon the managements enthusiasm to reflect the plans of the CSR. Mirvis (2012) noticed that the managements support is a good indicator to implement the community assistance plan within the organization. The function, which does not have the backing of an organizations directors impedes the activities of corporate social responsibility program. Governmental policy will be helpful to implement the CSR program. Strategic planning highlights the organization of the internal resources of the organization to achieve the necessity of the external situations, therefore, the organisations can meet the strategic plan of the organization. Oberseder, Schlegelmilch and Murphy (2013) opined that the internal resources of a firm consist the financial resources and would be able to include the attributes of the individuals. Employee skills consider the expertise and knowledge, which is necessary for the performance on the allocated duties. This will significantly increase the productivity as well as can minimize the errors. This is essential for the team work in case of recruitment procedure. Training method reflect the job training, operating schools and this will duplicate the shop condition for the learners formerly to put them on the shop floor of classroom training, electronic training satellites or other updated technology in case of the recruitment procedure. The purpose of this training session is to increase the skills of the employees. As per the concept of literatures regarding the CSR program, researchers mainly aimed to the mitigation of the gap between the content of the present study and the previous study. Therefore, the researcher has highlighted the factors such as financial factors, management support, governmental support and the skill of the employees. In addition, the researcher has aimed to the development of corporate social responsibility program for the organisations of the other nations, mostly the organisations of Australia. Hence, it can be mentioned that this research paper has focused to mitigate the research gap by the investigation of the determinants. This will influence the formulation of the activities of corporate social responsibility program in the organisations of Australia. Research Methodology This study will conduct a descriptive cross sectional research technology. Descriptive design is used during the data collection approach. This design will be considered in order to discuss the phenomena as it already exists and can recognize and can obtain the information on the nature of a definite problem or issue. This method is preferable to collect the larger data within a short period of time. The researcher will choose those employees as the respondents, who are working with the organization more than one year. Therefore, it can be stated that employees, who are working in the organization for less than one year, will not be considered for the interview method. On the other hand, it can be mentioned that the researcher of this study will conduct the interview method for the data collection approach. In this respect, the researcher has developed several research questionnaires. The survey questionnaires were both open ended and close ended as well. IN order to test the research hypothesis, the researcher will develop a five point likert scale will be followed. Moreover, these survey questionnaires will be self administered. Expected Outcome After analyze the entire study, it can be mentioned that corporate social responsibility has a positive impact in the performance of the organization. In this connection, it can be added that the relevant literature review will be helpful to compare the outcome of this study with the former studies on the formulation of the importance of CSR program in an organization. Bibliography Ditlev-Simonsen, C.D. and Wenstp, F., 2013. How stakeholders view stakeholders as CSR motivators. Social responsibility journal, 9(1), pp.137-147. Hilson, G., 2012. Corporate Social Responsibility in the extractive industries: Experiences from developing countries. Resources Policy, 37(2), pp.131-137. Isaksson, L., Kiessling, T. and Harvey, M., 2014. Corporate social responsibility: Why bother. Organizational Dynamics, 43(1), pp.64-72. Kesavan, R., Bernacchi, M.D. and Mascarenhas, O.A., 2013. Word of mouse: CSR communication and the social media. International Management Review, 9(1), p.58. Kim, Y., 2014. Strategic communication of corporate social responsibility (CSR): Effects of stated motives and corporate reputation on stakeholder responses. Public Relations Review, 40(5), pp.838-840. Leonidas, P., Mary, G., Theofilos, P. and Amalia, T., 2012. Managers Perceptions and Opinions towards Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in Greece. Procedia Economics and Finance, 1, pp.311-320. Martnez, P. and del Bosque, I.R., 2013. CSR and customer loyalty: The roles of trust, customer identification with the company and satisfaction. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 35, pp.89-99. McShane, L. and Cunningham, P., 2012. To thine own self be true? Employees judgments of the authenticity of their organizations corporate social responsibility program. Journal of business ethics, 108(1), pp.81-100. Mirvis, P., 2012. Employee engagement and CSR. California Management Review, 54(4), pp.93-117. Oberseder, M., Schlegelmilch, B.B. and Murphy, P.E., 2013. CSR practices and consumer perceptions. Journal of Business Research, 66(10), pp.1839-1851. Prez, A. and Del Bosque, I.R., 2012. The role of CSR in the corporate identity of banking service providers. Journal of Business Ethics, 108(2), pp.145-166. Rangan, K., Chase, L. and Karim, S., 2015. The truth about CSR. Harvard Business Review, 93(1/2), pp.40-49.

Tips On Finding Grad School Essay Samples

Tips On Finding Grad School Essay SamplesMost of the books that are available on the market have several essays that you can choose from in order to write a thesis statement. Many of them will provide sample essays to let you get an idea on how to do it. The first thing you should keep in mind is to first read and observe the professor or teacher that you are writing the paper for, so you will have a good idea as to what type of paper that you should be writing.When you are looking for essay samples, you can choose the ones that will fit with your interests. The best choice would be one that you enjoy writing, so you can use this as a part of your exercise. You may also want to select an essay that contains your major interest and passion, just so you can gain experience.Once you have decided on the type of essay that you want to do, then you should look into the different formats. It would be very wise to look into the different types of paper that are available in order to find one that suits your taste and style.One thing you should know about these essays is that they range from the varied styles in different subjects, and in addition to that you will find various formats in various subject areas. You will also find different styles in many academic institutions across the country.Writing a thesis statement can be a difficult task if you have never tried it before. If you want to give yourself a challenging assignment, then you should take the help of a guide, which will help you develop the mindset and skills needed to write a good essay. There are certain things that you should remember when you are writing your essay, so you can do this in the right way.When you are thinking about the subject, the first thing that you should do is to see which area of your interest best fits into it. This will help you make a well-thought-out essay, and it will be more interesting than others. Just make sure that your topic has enough substance, and it won't bore your re ader or your teacher. In order to do this, you can discuss the issue in your essay, and you should be able to describe the issue from your perspective.Once you are satisfied with the topic, the next thing that you need to do is to practice and write an essay. After you are through with your work, you can take your essay samples to a writer who will tell you if it is good or not.

Technology Evolution in The Modern Society

The modern society is being greatly reshaped by the rapid developments in information technologies where it is evident that computers, telecommunications networks, and other related digital systems have combined to increase people’s capacity to know, achieve, and even collaborate (I. T. L. Education Solutions Limited, 2009).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Technology Evolution in The Modern Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The presence of these technologies has motivated people to participate in activities of transmitting information more quickly and widely, connecting distant locations and creating global communities that almost one and half decade ago, such experiences were unimaginable (I. T. L. Education Solutions Limited, 2009). Notable is the fact that information technology is uniting people through different forms while at the same time integrating cultures and creating new social dyna mics. Information technology is further resulting into formation of closely bonded and widely dispersed communities of people who largely are united by their desire to transact business or just sharing experiences and pursuing academic and knowledge goals (I. T. L. Education Solutions Limited, 2009). Numerous areas of humankind world are being transformed and affected by information technology such as the business, media, education, security, and many more. Particularly in business, information technology enabled through IT communication, electronic service networks and multimedia continue to contribute to new and effective means of processing business transactions, integrating business processes, transferring payments and delivering services electronically (I. T. L. Education Solutions Limited, 2009). Thus, E-commerce has evolved to become a unique developmental product of information technology advances in business, which is tremendously changing business fronts and operation in t he entire world.Advertising Looking for term paper on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More E-Commerce Electron commerce is regarded an emerging concept which among other variables involves the process of buying and selling or exchanging pf products, services and information through the use of telecommunication and computer support system networks largely involving the internet. E-Commerce has received numerous definitions as a concept that continues to undergo changes. For instance according to definition provided by I. T. L. Education Solutions Limited (2009) e-commerce refers to, â€Å"the electronic means of conducting commerce between business communications and transactions over the internet† (p.179). Accordingly this definition suggest that e-commerce involves â€Å"buying and selling over the internet, electronic fund transfers, smart cards, digital cash and all other ways of doing business over dig ital networks† (I. T. L. Education Solutions Limited, 2009, p.179). According to Janice Reynolds, e-commerce has evolved as the mainstream that is enabling businesses to sell products and services to consumers on a global basis hence e-commerce can be seen as the platform upon which new methods to sell and to dispense innovative products and services electronically are tested (Reynolds, 2004). Kalakota and Whinston (1997, cited in Bushry, 2005) define e-commerce concept using different perspectives such as follows. Communication perspective- where e-commerce is seen to constitute the delivery of information, products or services, orders and payments over telephone lines, computer networks or any other electronic means. Business process perspective – which on the other hand postulates that, e-commerce is the employment of technology towards automation of business transactions and workflow. Service perspective – which holds that e-commerce constitute a tool that fu lfills the needs and desires of companies, customers and management with aim of reducing the transaction costs while at the same time being able to excel in quality of goods and services and further be able to increase the speed of delivery.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Technology Evolution in The Modern Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Lastly, an online perspective on its conviction state that e-commerce possess the ability and capacity to for buying and selling products and information mainly on internet and other related online services (Bushry, 2005). E-Commerce has also been defined by Reynolds (2004) to comprise the paperless exchange of business information by largely using electronic data interchange, electronic mail. Electronic bulleting boards, electronic funds transfer, World Wide Web, and other network-based technologies (Reynolds, 2004). At the same time, e-commerce apart from automa ting manual processes and paper transactions again contribute and helps organizations to move fully to electronic environment thereby modifying how businesses operate. E-commerce has widely affected the world and business in numerous ways and the impacts are likely to accelerate in future as new innovative developments takes place. E-commerce today continue to exert concerted positive and negative influence on world economy, global markets, international trade, financial markets, and many more sectors of business (Bajaj, Nag and Bajaj, 2005). As the world continues to benefit from industrial activities, internet will continue to shape the world in form of e-commerce activities. In general, e-commerce involves moving organizations from dormant traditional environment to full electronic environment that in turn leads to â€Å"change in their work procedures, reengineering their business processes, integrating them with their business partners beyond their traditional boundaries† (Bajaj, Nag and Bajaj, 2005). Observation is that, e-commerce has revolutionalized the way business is conducted, as modern businesses have been intricate and complex.Advertising Looking for term paper on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Transactions at the same time are involving several global trading partners located in different parts of the world, and to effectively handle these complexities and interdependences of business processes, the role of e-commerce has become important since it is able to knit different organizations objectives or goals through a viable electronic environment. From these literatures, e-commerce concept has been summarized by two groups: The Aberdeen Consulting Group and Giga Group. According to the Aberdeen Consulting Group, e-business which is used interchangeably with e-commerce constitutes, â€Å"the application of electronic network technologies to transform business processes† (Bajaj, Nag and Bajaj, p.20), while Giga Group defines e-business as, â€Å"the application of electronic network technologies to transform business processes† (Bajaj, Nag and Bajaj, 2005, p.20). E-Commerce and Business Business organizations both small and large have inevitably embraced intern et for the delivery of numerous information-based services. Due to its numerous potentials and opportunities organization, especially those involved in business activities continue to appreciate the internet in a variety of tasks (Botha, 2004). A business to full benefit from numerous aspects of internet has to go through certain but key stages: first, there is exposure stage, where the organization utilizes the technology mainly for electronic brochure and bulletin board. This is done to provide information to the company’s clients. Second, there is the interaction stage, which is a point where the internet is viewed as the link between the firm and the customer; here, the internet is perceived to be a communication channel and it becomes integral component in the operation of the organization. Third, there is the e-commerce stage, where internet is believed to have evolved and become part of the economic bloodline of the company generating need for new operational procedure s, financial management and marketing skills. In essence, a part from conducting communication with the organization using the internet the customer is at the same time able to purchase goods and services through the internet. The organization reacts to these by ensuring that adequate facilities to facilitate purchased products by customers and subsequent delivery are done effectively using the internet. Lastly, there is the e-business stage, where business is able to expand from its internal-focus role to exploitation of new market opportunities and in this way the internet become vital and useful in influencing the organization and business unit strategy (Botha, 2004). E-commerce constitutes five major types that continue to dominate modern business world: Business-to-Consumer (B2C), Business-to-Business (B2B), Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C), Peer-to-Peer (P2P), lastly, Mobile commerce (m-commerce). Primarily, Business-to-Consumer type of e-commerce entails the applications that †Å"provide interface from businesses directly to their consumers† (Sun and Finnie, 2004). Consumers are the main target of the business goals and objectives where electronic transactions in marketing, ordering and paying, and sometimes after sales service takes place more easily without requiring the consumer to move to the physical location of the product (Sun and Finnie, 2004). Most businesses have resorted to B2C e-commerce in order to attract new customers, reach new markets, and promote products and services (Sun and Finnie, 2004). Business-to-Business (B2B) on the other hand comprises the largest form of e-commerce in modern market. Modern companies associate and interact in business aspects of selling, negotiating, and contracting business products and opportunities through the web. E-commerce in this type (B2B) is used to improve communication within the organization and reduce costs while at the same time increase efficiency of business processes (Sun and Finnie, 2004) . Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C) form of e-commerce on the other hand benefit consumers as it eliminates the hurdles of intermediaries. C2C Websites have been designed to enable consumers to have that ‘direct’ dealing with other consumers and these websites constitute online communities, free personal classified pages, and auction houses (Sun and Finnie, 2004). In modern world, e-bay found at www.ebay.com is a clear form of C2C e-commerce application that has gained popularity among consumers. Consumers open their own stores at e-bay.com where they are able to display and sell all their products in e-bay stores (Sun and Finnie, 2004). With advances in internet technology C2C traditional distance has become zero and communication largely free, an opportunity regarded to benefit and complement B2B e-commerce and B2C e-commerce in future. Peer-to-Peer (P2P) e-commerce constitutes new form of modern e-commerce concept that in its operation is characterized by lack of centralize d control (Mitchell and Institution of Electrical Engineers, 2005). P2P e-commerce has become popular due to its ability of being file-sharing networks, and providing means of distributing mostly copyrighted materials (Mitchell and Institution of Electrical Engineers, 2005). Nevertheless this form of e-commerce has been drawn back largely by lack of addressing security issues which is further compounded by conflict that arise with requirement to provide anonymity for users and increasing need to provide forceful access control, data integrity, confidentiality and accountability services (Mitchell and Institution of Electrical Engineers, 2005 ). The last type of e-commerce is mobile commerce. Mobile phones have become popular and constitute widely used mobile devices (Lim and Siau, 2003). Mobile phones especially those that are GSM enabled have become vital facilitating mobile commerce. Other mobile devices that are becoming important in mobile e-commerce include palmtops, and PDA, w hich are accelerating mobile e-commerce (Lim and Siau, 2003). Mobile e-commerce enables the users to conduct electronic commerce activities using their mobile devices and the e-commerce activities include obtaining marketing and sales information, receive ordering information, make purchase decision, make payments, obtain the product or service, and finally receive necessary customer support (Lim and Siau, 2003). Mobile e-commerce continues to get acceptance due to its convenience of being available anytime and anywhere. On overall e-commerce role in most businesses cannot be ignored or underrated. It is clear that businesses have grown and expanded as a result of e-commerce. Smaller business have been presented with opportunity to compete bigger and established businesses on equal grounds and business activities and operations have defied geographical barriers to establish in new markets and regions as a result of e-commerce (Botha, Bothma and Geldenhuys, 2008). Therefore, e-commer ce contribution to business has resulted into extended hours of operations for the business, geographical barriers have been broken, online tenders and contracts are enormous, business costs have drastically reduced, competition continue to be transparent, lastly, weak and inefficient middlemen have been eliminated (Botha, Bothma and Geldenhuys, 2008). E-Commerce and Technology As evidences show, it would be impossible to have electronic business without technology. Technology for e-commerce has originated in the use of internet and other computer networks to fulfill goals of online buying and selling, electronic funds transfer, business communications and other activities that involve buying and selling goods and services online (Zhou, 2004). The use of internet and other information technology techniques, which in wide sense constitute e-commerce has become an important part of meeting the needs and wants of consumers while the company benefits by gaining profit. Technology usage by companies has resulted in companies achieving greater value from e-commerce. In essence, companies with appropriate and superior technology infrastructure coupled with efficient human resource adopt e-commerce more easily than those lacking these aspects (Kraemer, 2006). Analysis of e-commerce adoption in developed and developing countries indicate that it is the technological readiness that account as the strongest factor influencing adoption of e-commerce. Technology is seen to be relative diffuse in developing nations while integrated in developed nations (Kraemer, 2006). E-commerce is further influenced and affected by the digital divide where in the past access and utilization of technology was confined in a small group of rich people. The masses especially in developing and least developed countries were left out leading to their inadequate acquisition of technology. This has hampered their effort to be part of the global community appreciating and enjoying the benefits of e-commerce (Wahab, 2003). As such, what is needed is a well-orchestrated scheme that enhances to incorporate the developing and least developed nations into the mainstream of technological learning and training, which in turn possess the capability to transform the larger society into embracing e-commerce. E-Commerce and Society Society is one at the receiving end of technological products. People in the society are the ones facilitating and at the same time benefiting from technology. Nevertheless, people do not just act as passive consumers of technological products but also largely participate in influencing and directing invention and adoption of various technologies. Different people in different regions of the world hold specific and unique values and norms, which has power in shaping and controlling the direction of information technology usages (Thanasankit, 2003). Adoption of technology and to extent e-commerce has been facilitated through language and communication. Techno logy development and adoption tends to take place within the functioning capacities of economy, political, legal, social, religious, and education institutions. On overall these institutions and structures affect or influence the level, propensity, type and period for invention and subsequent adoption of particular technological products. On overall the use of e-commerce has been associated with specific potential problems that emanate from issues to do with customer perception and cultural orientation, fear of loss of personal data, linguistic obstacles, difficult in integrating data and the high cost associated with adopting and running e-commerce technology (Reynolds, 2009). Transparency, global and efficiency of e-markets Electronic markets can be said to be still infant and online exchanges are yet to gain considerable acceptance especially by those in developing and less developed societies. Nevertheless, electronic markets are seen to possess the potential to â€Å"reduce tr ansactions costs, add product and pricing transparency, generate market liquidity, and facilitate bidding by a broad spectrum of potential suppliers in a standardized platform† (Zhu, 2002 cited in The Gale Group, 2004, p.1). Accelerating activities of electronic market, internet is seen to be at forefront in generating improved and flow of information (Kemerer, 1998 cited in The Gale Group, 2004). Electronic markets in this sense is seen to constitute a platform on which information is collected, synthesized, availed and circulated among various suppliers and consumers. The rise of electronic markets has resulted in creation of huge information with regard to products, prices, transactions, and competitors. As a result of this, information in electronic markets has become more transparent as compared to traditional convectional markets (The Gale Group, 2004). According to Zhu (2002), information transparency can be seen as, â€Å"the degree of visibility and accessibility of information† (The Gale Group, 2004, p.1). Benning (2007) notes that, the movement of the markets from their traditional form and location to the screen has been accompanied by numerous key developments. E-commerce in relation to electronic markets is changing the overall markets in the global perspective are organized, analyzed, quoted and priced (Benning, 2007). Transactions costs have been eliminated in turn has led to increase in trading volumes, prices have become more transparent and much easier to obtain and markets further react with increasing speed to new information (Benning, 2007). According to Mandorf (2008), electronic markets have become foundations of e-commerce when the possibilities of internet economy with regard to initiation, negotiation, and handling of contracts have been made easy by informational systems. Electronic markets have been characterized to reflect: virtual meeting rooms where suppliers, customers ‘meet’, and these rooms are indep endent of location and time; electronic markets have greatly contributed to improvement of market transparency since they are able to relieve suppliers and consumers into getting relevant information. Compared to traditional markets where markets were largely full of disequilibrium of information between supplier and consumers, which could in turn be used to gain undue competitive advantage; electronic markets have resulted into reduction of transaction costs as compared to traditional markets; lastly, electronic markets are more open providing a larger international audience (Mandorf, 2008). According to Loebbecke, electronic markets as compared to traditional markets are relatively low in prices that in turn include low margins (Loebbecke, n.d, p.1). As a result of this, the market is further seen to be more transparent exercised by suppliers, customers and products (Loebbecke, n.d, p.1). Electronic markets pool numerous offers from the world and these offers can be found online a nd consumers have the opportunity to sample and compare potential suppliers of products or services on the internet which in turn leads to lower transaction costs (Loebbecke, n.d, p.1). Transparency of the electronic market is further boosted by the utilization of search tools where at the same time competition among suppliers cause constant pressure on market prices and demand for extra services to be delivered (Loebbecke, n.d, p.1). Eugene Fama in 1970 developed the efficient market theory, which in essence is based on the economic theory of price equilibrium that originates from the interface of forces of supply and demand (Grover, Lim and Ayyagari, 2006). Generally, in an efficient market, information in great depth is available in terms of accessibility and cost and is handed to stakeholders at about the same time (Grover, Lim and Ayyagari, 2006). Electronic markets consists of inter-organizational information systems, which support and facilitate seller-buyer information commu nication regarding products and services (Bakos, 1991 cited in Grover, Lim and Ayyagari, 2006). As the internet continue to grow in great measures many expert and analysts’ predictions points to the fact that e-markets will continuously results into reduction of information asymmetry thereby paving way for price convergence operating at the lowest competitive level (Grover, Lim and Ayyagari, 2006). Why much confidence in reduction of information asymmetry? Many authors who have written on e-markets efficiency express that lower search costs and availability of information in great measure through the internet reduction information asymmetry and opportunistic behavior, should be seen to be main reasons leading to efficient e-markets (Alba et al., 1997; Bakos, 1997; Bailey, 1998 cited in Grover, Lim and Ayyagari, 2006). Globalization of e-markets is taking place at a first rate. E-markets are seen to be escalating into interrelated hubs of online exchange that pledge economies of scale that are greater than separate exchanges (Foley, Bacheldor and Wallace, 2000). Due to expansion of e-markets into global scene, marketplace operators are viewed to be prepared to offer services such as â€Å"automated real-time credit, connections to shipping and logistic providers, and integration with enterprise resource management and inventory systems† (Foley, Bacheldor and Wallace, 2000, p.1). As such, e-markets are fast becoming global supply-chain centers aimed at ensuring that businesses are all-round efficient; for instance, Oracle has in place Oracle Exchange, which is a horizontal e-marketplace in which majority of companies are able to buy and sell non-production goods and services (Foley, Bacheldor and Wallace, 2000). Globalization of e-markets has further expanded to initiate and facilitate online financing, supply chain planning, and collaborative design (Foley, Bacheldor and Wallace, 2000). Global companies such as Daimler Chrysler, Ford, and General Motors have moved numerous steps forward to integrate their online purchasing activities. Through the global e-marketing plan, the companies have formulated their operations in form of business-to-business exchange in which the overall aim is to enable them and other automakers to easily buy materials for constructing automobiles while at the same time collaborate with other partners (Foley, Bacheldor and Wallace, 2000). The advantages to which most companies are attaching their aim of globalization of e-markets emanate from the numerous advantages e-markets holds. For instances e-markets reduce costs for business buyers as a result of increased choice and price competition while at the same time giving sellers a new and modified profitable channel for delivering inventory (Foley, Bacheldor and Wallace, 2000). E-market rise: role of push or pull factors? E-commerce and to extend e-markets have evolved to permit almost every aspect of human daily life. As from 1990s when internet bec ame more popular among business and individuals, its utilization has is felt in almost all aspects of human sphere. Internet technologies have resulted into increased productivity; maximize convenience and improved communication in most parts of the world (Anonymous, n.d, p.1). Online banking, online payment, online buying, and selling are just some aspects that have been produced by growth of technology. In other words, internet, and to extent technology, has become integral to daily lives of many people and organization. However, few years back the growth of and acceptance of internet technologies was not hot issue as it is today and the likely question that may be asked is why? The answer to this considering the numerous information technology literatures available is that the necessary information infrastructural development that is evident today was not available (Anonymous, n.d, p.1). Put it simple the supportive infrastructural for adoption of internet technologies was limite d by lack of necessary infrastructures. However, as time lapsed, more information technologies gadgets found their way in people’s home, and individuals’ technological knowledge and experience increased. At the same time, most companies acquired more technologies, which apart from addressing the internal business issues and needs were seen to have the capacity of enhancing business operations and growth through e-commerce. Therefore, as consumers’ needs arose for more internet products and services businesses were left with no alternative, except aligning and incorporating consumer needs with the business objectives and capacities. Therefore, the intense pressure for the development of e-markets was a direct response from outside pressure emanating from consumers and internal business pressures to adapt to efficient and more reliable technologies. Push factors emanated internally in form of need to compete effectively in the market with other equally well-placed competitors and this required businesses to adopt efficient and sophisticated technologies. At the same time to leverage competitive advantage companies were forced to become innovative in inventing online business activities, this was due to need to ease consumers need to move to physical locations, expand business with disregard to geographical barriers, reduce costs and largely increase consumer base. These needs prompted most businesses to embrace online markets. On the other hand, consumers were becoming more informed, wanted to reduce transactional costs related to information search, wanted convenience and wanted to be part of global citizens, as a result they preferred and demanded for prefect forms of market they would operate with easiness. This resulted into development of e-commerce and subsequent electronic markets. Today markets are seen to be driven by consumer choice and in turn the consumer choice affects and influences the company’s strategy. What is being observed is consumer need-based business model which is rising in the marketing and replacing the older model which was push-based model (Kalakota and Whinston, 1997). In the push model companies have upper hands in making decisions while the pull model put much emphasis on the customer to make decisions which in turn translate and directs the company’s strategy. Pull model, also known as ‘demand-driven model’ postulate that today technology has empowered a large population to search and utilize information more faster which in turn is used in making key purchasing decisions (Kalakota and Whinston, 1997). Once the information has been searched it is translated into preferences where consumers use it in becoming more conscious about choice. As consumers demonstrates caution in relation to preference it becomes the duty of the company to translate the consumer wants and needs into appropriate products and the company that take early lead in doing this is able to ga in competitive edge over its rivals (Kalakota and Whinston, 1997). The pull model dictates a need for: supporting increased variability; reduced lead times; improved quality and lower unit cost; operation excellence; and comprehensive performance measures for control purposes (Kalakota and Whinston, 1997). In summary today consumers are seen to be pushing sellers to the wall demanding lower processes and prices, better and improved quality, and large selection of in-season goods. In return sellers are reacting to these demands by working hard to improve, reducing operational costs, reducing cycle times, buying more wisely, and making a lot of investments in technology. In short, e-markets have risen and expanded from both internal push factors and external pull factors which are further likely to influence future growth of technology in businesses. Conclusion For the last two decades, technology has transformed humankind world. From its slow development and acceptance in early 1990s to its current vibrant use in the 21st century it can be said with confident that technology will inevitably remain part of human’s society growth and expansion. Notably, information technology through internet has revolutionalized the marketplace through the electronic market (e-markets). Electronic markets are growing at a faster rate, which in turn has resulted into the transparency, efficiency, and globalization of the e-market. Consumers and sellers are able to interact in virtual rooms, anywhere in the world and at any time. This has resulted into convenience on the part of consumers while enabling businesses to increase their product. Nevertheless, e-markets are yet to be embraced by greater population of the world although statistics shows it is steadily increasing as more people become technological-knowledgeable. Therefore, what is suggested is for the digital divide issue to be addressed. This is especially necessary in developing and least developed societies whe re adoption of technology is still low. As globalization continues to influence the world and disintegrate economic, political, and social barriers, digital divide is an issue that should be addressed to realize equal and faster adaptation to e-markets and e-commerce. References Anonymous. (N.d). Types of E-Business Models and Markets. Retrieved from http://forums.techarena.in/guides-tutorials/6051.htm. Bajaj, K. K., Nag, D. and Bajaj, K. K. (2005). E-Commerce. New Delhi, Tata McGraw-Hill. Benning, J. F. (2007). Trading Strategies for Capital Markets. NY: McGraw-Hill Professional. Botha, J. (2004). E-Commerce. Cape Town: Juta and Company Ltd. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?id=SbSXCmsO5VMCprintsec=frontcoverdq=e-commercehl=enei=rdzsTLOPDMzpOeqJhZ0Bsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=10ved=0CF8Q6AEwCQ#v=onepageqf=false. Bushry, M. (2005). E-Commerce. NY: Firewall Media. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?id=0Untt_GF8M0Cprintsec=frontcoverdq=e-commercehl=enei=rdzs TLOPDMzpOeqJhZ0Bsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=6ved=0CEgQ6AEwBQ#v=onepageqf=false Foley, J., Bacheldor, B. and Wallace, B. (2000). E-Markets are expanding. Information Week, No.775, pp.22. Retrieved from http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=64did=50614703SrchMode=1sid=5Fmt=4VInst=PRODVType=PQDRQT=309VName=PQDTS=1290639106clientId=29440. Grover, V., Lim, J. and Ayyagari, R. (2006). The Dark Side of Information and Market Efficiency in E-Markets. Decision Sciences, Vol.37, No.3, pp.297. Retrieved from http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=3did=1158964821SrchMode=1sid=5Fmt=4VInst=PRODVType=PQDRQT=309VName=PQDTS=1290637208clientId=29440. I. T. L. Education Solutions Limited. (2009). Introduction to Information Technology. New Delhi: Pearson Education India. Kalakota, R. and Whinston, A. B. (1997). Electronic commerce: a manager’s guide. NJ: Addison-Wesley. Kraemer, K. l. (2006). Global e-commerce: impacts of national environment and policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press . Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?id=uDvPfcV2yFgCpg=PA374dq=how++technology+affects+e-commercehl=enei=hRjtTMzfFIGBlAfZnpWPAQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=7ved=0CEgQ6AEwBg#v=onepageq=how%20%20technology%20affects%20e-commercef=false. Lim, E. P. and Siau, K. (2003). Advances in mobile commerce technologies. PA: Idea Group Inc (IGI). Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?id=441qCYlVjK8Cpg=PA19dq=Mobile+commerce+e-commercehl=enei=TwrtTJytMIqWOvzBvJABsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=1ved=0CCcQ6AEwAA#v=onepageq=Mobile%20commerce%20e-commercef=false. Loebbecke, C. (1998). Business Information Management Conference. Retrieved from http://www.chris-kimble.com/Courses/mis/e-commerce.doc. Mandorf, F. (2008). Processes in the Internet Economy: The View of Electronic Processes. Berlin: GRIN Verlag. Mitchell, C. and Institution of Electrical Engineers. (2005). Trusted computing. London: IET. Reynolds, G. (2009). Information Technology for Managers. OH: Cengage Learning. R eynolds, J. (2004). The complete e-commerce book: design, build maintain a successful Web-based business. CA: Focal Press. Sun, Z. and Finnie, G. R. (2004). Intelligent techniques in E-Commerce: a case based reasoning perspective. NY: Springer. Thanasankit, T. (2003). E-commerce and cultural values. PA: Idea Group Inc (IGI). The Gale Group. (2004). Information transparency of business-to-business electronic markets: a game-theoretic analysis. Management Science Journal. Retrieved from http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-4130535/Information-transparency-of-business-to.html. Wahab, M. (2003). The Digital Divide, E-Commerce, and ODR: Constructing the Egyptian Information Society. Proceedings of UNECEF Forum. Retrieved from http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=vq=cache:CCPwrj7NnWcJ:www.odr.info/unece2003/pdf/wahab.pdf+digital+divide+and+e-commercehl=engl=kepid=blsrcid=ADGEESj5tm7pLGnOdc1Rip_XMtpVrFDMywj4OF2jZXuWunNdZ5yJ7y16VLwKs6MwTA9xka9hHRnydZ9EBXgco16sAYEUaaA-roWiRSUZF8t7NVo8eOZF-F35 eZATYyWopswwnOTQ9Ca5sig=AHIEtbR_EMNX1ijpSpF2Q6b8kp-BBXSzbw. Zhou, Z. (2004). E-commerce and information technology in hospitality and tourism. OH: Cengage Learning.. This term paper on Technology Evolution in The Modern Society was written and submitted by user Jazmin Sutton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre Essays

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